Impacted canine: a comprehensive review
Maxillary canine impaction remains one of the most clinically significant challenges in orthodontics be - cause of its strong aesthetic, functional, and biomechanical implications. This review discusses the prev- alence and causes of canine impaction, the diagnostic methods available, the assessment of related risks, and the various treatment options used in practice. It also explores surgical exposure techniques, ortho - dontic traction mechanics, and the possible complications that can arise during treatment. Evidence-based protocols and clinical decision-making guidelines are included to support consistent and favorable long- term outcomes.